look at the drawings and use these verbs to describe what the people are doing.

two.1 Judgement Writing

Learning Objectives

1. Identify the components of a bones sentence.
2. Identify the four almost serious writing errors.

Imagine you are reading a book for schoolhouse. You demand to observe important details that you tin can use for an assignment. Yet, when you begin to read, you detect that the volume has very piffling punctuation. Sentences neglect to class complete paragraphs and instead form ane cake of text without clear organisation. Most likely, this book would frustrate and confuse y'all. Without clear and concise sentences, information technology is difficult to detect the information you demand.

For both students and professionals, clear communication is important. Whether yous are typing an electronic mail or writing a written report, it is your responsibleness to present your thoughts and ideas clearly and precisely. Writing in complete sentences is i manner to ensure that you communicate well. This section covers how to recognize and write basic judgement structures and how to avoid some common writing errors.

Components of a Sentence

Clearly written, consummate sentences crave key data: a subject, a verb and a complete idea. A sentence needs to make sense on its own. Sometimes, complete sentences are also called independent clauses. A clause is a group of words that may brand up a sentence. An contained clause is a grouping of words that may stand lonely as a consummate, grammatically correct thought. The following sentences show contained clauses.

All complete sentences accept at least 1 independent clause. You can place an contained clause by reading it on its own and looking for the field of study and the verb.

Subjects

When you read a sentence, you may beginning await for the subject, or what the judgement is about. The field of study usually appears at the kickoff of a sentence equally a noun or a pronoun. A noun is a word that identifies a person, place, affair, or idea. A pronoun is a word that replaces a noun. Common pronouns are I, he, she, it, you, they, and nosotros. In the post-obit sentences, the subject field is underlined one time.

Malik

is the projection managing director for this projection.

He

will requite us our assignments.

In these sentences, the subject is a person: Malik. The pronoun He replaces and refers dorsum to Malik.

The

estimator lab

is where nosotros volition piece of work.

It

volition exist open up 24-hour interval a day.

In the start judgement, the field of study is a place: reckoner lab. In the 2d sentence, the pronoun Information technology substitutes for computer lab as the subject.

The

project

will run for three weeks.

Information technology

will accept a quick turnaround.

In the showtime sentence, the bailiwick is a thing: projection. In the 2nd sentence, the pronoun It stands in for the projection.

Tip

In this chapter, please refer to the following grammer key:

Subjects are underlined once.

Verbs are underlined twice.

LV means linking verb, HV means helping verb, and Five means action verb.

Compound Subjects

A sentence may have more one person, place, or matter equally the subject. These subjects are called compound subjects. Chemical compound subjects are useful when yous want to discuss several subjects at once.

Desmond

and

Maria

have been working on that blueprint for almost a year.

Books, magazines,

and

online manufactures

are all good resource.

Prepositional Phrases

Y'all will often read a sentence that has more one noun or pronoun in information technology. You lot may encounter a group of words that includes a preposition with a noun or a pronoun. Prepositions connect a noun, pronoun, or verb to another word that describes or modifies that noun, pronoun, or verb. Common prepositions include in, on, under, almost, by, with, and near. A group of words that begin with a preposition is called a prepositional phrase. A prepositional phrase begins with a preposition and modifies or describes a word. It cannot human activity as the subject of a sentence. The following circled phrases are examples of prepositional phrases.

Exercise i

Read the following sentences. Underline the subjects, and circumvolve the prepositional phrases.

1. The gym is open until nine o'clock this evening.
2. Nosotros went to the store to get some ice.
3. The student with the nearly extra credit will win a homework pass.
4. Maya and Tia found an abandoned true cat by the side of the road.
5. The driver of that pickup truck skidded on the water ice.
6. Anita won the race with fourth dimension to spare.
7. The people who work for that company were surprised near the merger.
8. Working in haste ways that you are more than probable to brand mistakes.
9. The soundtrack has over lx songs in languages from around the world.
10. His latest invention does not work, simply it has inspired the residual of us.

Verbs

Once y'all locate the subject of a sentence, you can motion on to the next part of a complete sentence: the verb. A verb is often an activity word that shows what the subject is doing. A verb can likewise link the subject field to a describing word. At that place are three types of verbs that you tin can use in a sentence: activeness verbs, linking verbs, or helping verbs.

Action Verbs

A verb that connects the subject field to an action is called an action verb. An action verb answers the question what is the subject area doing? In the following sentences, the action verbs are in italics.

The dog barked at the jogger.
He gave a brusque speech communication before we ate.

Linking Verbs

A verb tin often connect the discipline of the sentence to a describing word. This type of verb is called a linking verb because it links the subject field to a describing discussion. In the following sentences, the linking verbs are in italics.

The coat was old and dingy.
The clock seemed broken.

If yous have trouble telling the difference between action verbs and linking verbs, call up that an action verb shows that the bailiwick is doing something, whereas a linking verb simply connects the subject to another give-and-take that describes or modifies the bailiwick. A few verbs can exist used as either activity verbs or linking verbs.

Action Verb: The boy looked for his glove.
Linking Verb: The male child looked tired.

Although both sentences use the same verb, the ii sentences have completely different meanings. In the first sentence, the verb describes the boy's action. In the second sentence, the verb describes the boy's appearance.

Helping Verbs

A 3rd type of verb you may employ equally you write is a helping verb. Helping verbs are verbs that are used with the main verb to describe a mood or tense. Helping verbs are usually a form of exist, practise, or have. The word can is besides used as a helping verb.

The restaurant

is known for its diverseness of dishes.

She

does speak upward when prompted in form.

We

have seen that motion-picture show 3 times.

She

tin tell when someone walks on her lawn.
(is, does, have, and tin are helping verbs and known, speak up, seen, and tell are verbs)

Tip

Whenever you write or edit sentences, continue the subject field and verb in listen. As you write, ask yourself these questions to go along yourself on runway:

Subject area: Who or what is the sentence most?

Verb: Which give-and-take shows an action or links the discipline to a clarification?

Exercise 2

Copy each sentence onto your own sail of paper and underline the verb(southward) twice. Name the type of verb(s) used in the judgement in the infinite provided (LV, HV, or 5).

1. The true cat sounds ready to come back inside. ________
2. We have not eaten dinner yet. ________
3. It took four people to move the broken-down auto. ________
4. The book was filled with notes from class. ________
5. We walked from room to room, inspecting for damages. ________
6. Harold was expecting a package in the postal service. ________
7. The clothes still felt damp even though they had been through the dryer twice. ________
8. The teacher who runs the studio is often praised for his restoration work on sometime masterpieces. ________

Judgement Construction, Including Fragments and Run-ons

At present that you know what makes a complete sentence—a subject and a verb—you tin use other parts of speech to build on this basic structure. Good writers use a variety of sentence structures to brand their work more interesting. This section covers different sentence structures that you tin can use to make longer, more than complex sentences.

Sentence Patterns

Six basic subject field-verb patterns tin can enhance your writing. A sample judgement is provided for each pattern. As yous read each sentence, take notation of where each role of the sentence falls. Find that some sentence patterns use activeness verbs and others use linking verbs.

Subject–Verb

Computers

(subject) hum (verb)

Subject–Linking Verb–Substantive

Computers

(subject field) are (linking verb) tool (noun)

Subject field–Linking Verb–Adjective

Computers

(field of study) are (linking verb) expensive (adjective)

Field of study–Verb–Adverb

Computers

(subject) calculate (verb) rapidly (adverb)

Subject–Verb–Direct Object

When you lot write a sentence with a direct object (DO), brand sure that the DO receives the action of the verb.

Emerge (subject) rides (verb) a motorbike (straight object)

Subject–Verb–Indirect Object–Direct Object

In this sentence structure, an indirect object explains to whom or to what the action is being done. The indirect object is a noun or pronoun, and it comes before the directly object in a sentence.

My coworker

(subject) gave (verb) me (indirect object) the reports (straight object)

Do 3

Use what you have learned and then far to bring multifariousness in your writing. Use the following lines or your own canvass of paper to write vi sentences that practice each bones sentence pattern. When you have finished, characterization each role of the sentence (S, Five, LV, N, Adj, Adv, Practice, IO).

1. ________________________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________________________
4. ________________________________________________________________
5. ________________________________________________________________
6. ________________________________________________________________

Collaboration

Observe an article in a newspaper, a magazine, or online that interests you. Bring it to grade or mail service it online. Then, looking at a classmate's article, identify one example of each office of a sentence (S, V, LV, North, Adj, Adv, DO, IO). Please share or post your results.

Fragments

The sentences you have encountered so far have been independent clauses. Equally you look more than closely at your past writing assignments, you may observe that some of your sentences are non complete. A sentence that is missing a subject or a verb is called a fragment. A fragment may include a description or may express part of an idea, but it does not express a complete thought.

Fragment: Children helping in the kitchen.

Complete sentence: Children helping in the kitchen often make a mess.

You can hands fix a fragment by adding the missing subject or verb. In the example, the sentence was missing a verb. Calculation ofttimes make a mess creates an Southward-Five-N sentence structure.

Effigy 2.one Editing Fragments That Are Missing a Subject area or a Verb

See whether you can identify what is missing in the following fragments.

Fragment: Told her near the broken vase.

Complete sentence: I told her about the broken vase.

Fragment: The store downward on Principal Street.

Complete sentence: The store down on Main Street sells music.

Common Sentence Errors

Fragments often occur because of some mutual error, such every bit starting a judgement with a preposition, a dependent word, an infinitive, or a gerund. If yous utilise the vi bones sentence patterns when you lot write, you should be able to avoid these errors and thus avoid writing fragments.

When you come across a preposition, cheque to see that it is role of a sentence containing a subject and a verb. If it is not connected to a complete judgement, it is a fragment, and you volition need to set up this type of fragment by combining it with another sentence. You can add the prepositional phrase to the stop of the judgement. If you add information technology to the beginning of the other sentence, insert a comma later the prepositional phrase.

Figure 2.ii Editing Fragments That Begin with a Preposition

Example A

Incorrect: After walking over two miles. John remembered his wallet.
Correct: After walking over ii miles, John remembered his wallet.
Right: John remembered his wallet After after walking over 2 miles.

Instance B

Incorrect: The dog growled at the vacuum cleaner. When it was switched on.
Correct: When the vacuum cleaner was switched on, the domestic dog growled.
Right: The dog growled at the vacuum cleaner When when it was switched on.

Clauses that showtime with a dependent give-and-take—such as since, because, without, or unless—are similar to prepositional phrases. Like prepositional phrases, these clauses can be fragments if they are not connected to an independent clause containing a subject and a verb. To set up the trouble, you can add such a fragment to the beginning or end of a sentence. If the fragment is added at the kickoff of a sentence, add a comma.

Incorrect: Because we lost power. The entire family overslept.
Right: Considering we lost ability, the entire family unit overslept.
Correct: The entire family unit overslept Because because we lost power.

Incorrect: He has been seeing a physical therapist. Since his accident.
Correct: Since his accident, he has been seeing a physical therapist.
Correct: He has been seeing a physical therapist Since since his accident.

When you encounter a word ending in -ing in a sentence, place whether or not this discussion is used as a verb in the judgement. You lot may also look for a helping verb. If the word is non used as a verb or if no helping verb is used with the -ing verb class, the verb is existence used every bit a noun. An -ing verb course used every bit a substantive is called a gerund.

Verb: I was (helping verb) working (verb) on homework until midnight.
Noun:

Working

until midnight makes me tired the next morn.

One time you know whether the -ing word is acting equally a noun or a verb, look at the balance of the sentence. Does the unabridged sentence make sense on its own? If not, what you are looking at is a fragment. You will need to either add the parts of speech that are missing or combine the fragment with a nearby judgement.

Figure two.3 Editing Fragments That Begin with Gerunds

Incorrect: Taking deep breaths. Saul prepared for his presentation.

Right: Taking deep breaths, Saul prepared for his presentation.

Right: Saul prepared for his presentation. He was taking deep breaths.

Incorrect: Congratulating the entire team. Sarah raised her glass to toast their success.

Correct: She was congratulating the entire squad. Sarah raised her glass to toast their success.

Correct: Congratulating the unabridged team, Sarah raised her glass to toast their success.

Another error in sentence construction is a fragment that begins with an infinitive. An infinitive is a verb paired with the word to; for case, to run, to write, or to achieve. Although infinitives are verbs, they can exist used as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs. You can correct a fragment that begins with an infinitive by either combining it with another sentence or adding the parts of speech that are missing.

Incorrect: We needed to brand 3 hundred more paper cranes. To reach the one thousand mark.

Right: We needed to make three hundred more paper cranes to attain the 1 g mark.

Correct: Nosotros needed to brand three hundred more than paper cranes. We wanted to achieve the i chiliad mark.

Do 4

Copy the following sentences onto your own canvas of paper and circle the fragments. And so combine the fragment with the independent clause to create a consummate sentence.

1. Working without taking a interruption. We attempt to get equally much work done as we can in an 60 minutes.
2. I needed to bring work home. In order to meet the deadline.
3. Unless the ground thaws before spring break. We won't be planting whatever tulips this year.
4. Turning the lights off after he was washed in the kitchen. Robert tries to conserve energy whenever possible.
5. You lot'll observe what yous need if you wait. On the shelf next to the potted found.
6. To observe the perfect apartment. Deidre scoured the classifieds each day.

Run-on Sentences

Simply every bit short, incomplete sentences can be problematic, lengthy sentences can be problematic too. Sentences with ii or more than independent clauses that have been incorrectly combined are known as run-on sentences. A run-on sentence may be either a fused judgement or a comma splice.

Fused sentence: A family of foxes lived under our shed young foxes played all over the yard.

Comma splice: We looked outside, the kids were hopping on the trampoline.

When two complete sentences are combined into one without any punctuation, the consequence is a fused sentence. When ii consummate sentences are joined by a comma, the result is a comma splice. Both errors can easily exist fixed.

Punctuation

One way to correct run-on sentences is to correct the punctuation. For example, calculation a catamenia will right the run-on by creating two split sentences.

Run-on: There were no seats left, we had to stand in the dorsum.
Right: There were no seats left. we We had to stand in the back.

Using a semicolon between the 2 complete sentences volition also correct the error. A semicolon allows yous to keep the two closely related ideas together in ane sentence. When you lot punctuate with a semicolon, make certain that both parts of the sentence are independent clauses. For more information on semicolons, run across Section two.iv.ii "Capitalize Proper Nouns".

Run-on: The accident closed both lanes of traffic nosotros waited an hour for the wreckage to exist cleared.

Consummate sentence: The accident airtight both lanes of traffic; we waited an hour for the wreckage to be cleared.

When you utilize a semicolon to divide ii independent clauses, you may wish to add a transition word to show the connection between the two thoughts. After the semicolon, add together the transition discussion and follow it with a comma. For more information on transition words, run into Chapter viii "The Writing Procedure: How Do I Brainstorm?".

Run-on: The project was put on hold we didn't take time to wearisome downwards, then we kept working.

Complete sentence: The project was put on hold; however, we didn't have fourth dimension to boring downward, and so we kept working.

Analogous Conjunctions

You tin can likewise set run-on sentences by calculation a comma and a coordinating conjunction. A analogous conjunction acts as a link between two independent clauses.

Tip

These are the 7 coordinating conjunctions that you tin use: for, and, nor, but, or, still, and so. Utilize these words appropriately when yous desire to link the two contained clauses. The acronym FANBOYS volition assist you remember this group of coordinating conjunctions.

Run-on: The new printer was installed, no 1 knew how to apply it.

Consummate sentence: The new printer was installed, but no one knew how to apply it.

Dependent Words

Adding dependent words is some other mode to link independent clauses. Similar the coordinating conjunctions, dependent words show a human relationship between ii independent clauses.

Run-on: We took the elevator, the others still got in that location before united states of america.

Complete sentence: Although we took the elevator, the others got there before united states of america.

Run-on: Cobwebs covered the furniture, the room hadn't been used in years.

Complete sentence: Cobwebs covered the article of furniture considering the room hadn't been used in years.

Writing at Piece of work

Effigy 2.4 Sample e-postal service

Isabelle'due south electronic mail opens with two fragments and two run-on sentences containing comma splices. The email ends with some other fragment. What effect would this due east-postal service take on Mr. Blankenship or other readers? Mr. Blankenship or other readers may not think highly of Isaebelle's communication skills or—worse—may not understand the message at all! Communications written in precise, complete sentences are not only more than professional but besides easier to understand. Before you hit the "send" push button, read your e-mail carefully to make sure that the sentences are complete, are not run together, and are correctly punctuated.

Exercise 5

A reader can get lost or lose interest in material that is too dense and rambling. Use what you have learned almost run-on sentences to correct the following passages:

1. The report is due on Wednesday but we're flying back from Miami that morn. I told the project manager that we would be able to go the report to her later that day she suggested that we come dorsum a day early to get the written report done and I told her we had meetings until our flight took off. Nosotros eastward-mailed our contact who said that they would check with his boss, she said that the project could afford a delay as long as they wouldn't take to brand any edits or changes to the file our new deadline is next Friday.
2. Anna tried getting a reservation at the eating house, merely when she called they said that there was a waiting list so she put our names down on the list when the day of our reservation arrived we only had to wait thirty minutes because a table opened upwards unexpectedly which was proficient because we were able to catch a movie later on dinner in the time we'd expected to wait to be seated.
3. Without a doubt, my favorite creative person is Leonardo da Vinci, not because of his paintings but because of his fascinating designs, models, and sketches, including plans for scuba gear, a flight auto, and a life-size mechanical lion that actually walked and moved its head. His paintings are beautiful too, especially when you see the computer enhanced versions researchers use a multifariousness of methods to discover and raise the paintings' original colors, the result of which are stunningly vibrant and yet delicate displays of the homo's genius.

Key Takeaways

• A sentence is complete when information technology contains both a subject and verb. A complete sentence makes sense on its own.
• Every judgement must have a subject area, which usually appears at the beginning of the judgement. A field of study may be a noun (a person, place, or thing) or a pronoun.
• A compound subject contains more i substantive.
• A prepositional phrase describes, or modifies, another word in the sentence but cannot be the subject of a sentence.
• A verb is oft an action discussion that indicates what the bailiwick is doing. Verbs may be action verbs, linking verbs, or helping verbs.
• Variety in sentence construction and length improves writing past making information technology more interesting and more complex.
• Focusing on the six basic sentence patterns will enhance your writing.
• Fragments and run-on sentences are two mutual errors in sentence structure.
• Fragments can be corrected by calculation a missing subject area or verb. Fragments that begin with a preposition or a dependent discussion can exist corrected by combining the fragment with another sentence.
• Run-on sentences can exist corrected by adding appropriate punctuation or adding a coordinating conjunction.

Writing Application

Using the vi bones sentence structures, write one of the following:

1. A work east-mail to a coworker about a presentation.
2. A business concern alphabetic character to a potential employer.
3. A status study about your current project.
4. A job description for your résumé.

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Source: https://open.lib.umn.edu/writingforsuccess/chapter/2-1-sentence-writing/

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